Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro ovicidal activity of an ethyl acetate extract from Arceuthobium vaginatum (EtOAc-E) and their subfractions (AvR5-AvR14) against Haemonchus contortus using the egg hatching inhibition (EHI) test. The EtOAc-E and subfractions were tested at 0.12-2.00 and at 0.015-2.0 mg/mL, respectively. Distilled water and methanol (2%) were used as negative controls and Thiabendazole (0.10 mg/mL) as a positive control. Treatments with a dependent effect on concentration were subjected to regression analysis to determine the effective concentrations (EC50 and EC90). The major secondary compounds present in the extract and subfractions were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The EtOAc-E and AvR9 exhibited the best ovicidal effect recording 97.5 and 100% of EHI at 0.25 mg/mL, respectively. The EtOAc-E and AvR9 displayed an EC50= 0.12 and 0.08 mg/mL, respectively. The HPLC analysis in the EtOAc-E and bioactive fractions indicated the presence of a polyphenol, glycosylated flavanones, quercetin glucoside, cinnamates, coumarin, cinnamic acid derivative, ferulic acid, coumarate, naringenin, protocatechuic acid and naringin. Results demonstrated that A. vaginatum extract and fraction is able to inhibit the egg hatch process of H. contortus and could be a viable option for the control of small ruminant haemonchosis.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade ovicida in vitro de um extrato de acetato de etila de Arceuthobium vaginatum (EtOAc-E) e suas subfrações (AvR5-AvR14) contra Haemonchus contortus, utilizando-se o teste de inibição da eclosão de ovos (EHI). O extrato foi testado em 0.12-2.00 mg/mL, e as subfrações foram testadas em 0.15-2.0 mg/mL. Água destilada e metanol (2%) foram utilizados como controles negativos e Tiabendazol (0.10 mg/mL) como controle positivo. Os tratamentos com efeito concentração dependente foram submetidos à análise de regressão para determinação das concentrações efetivas (CE50 e CE90). Os principais compostos secundários, presentes no extrato e nas subfrações, foram identificados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC). EtOAc-E e subfração AvR9 exibiram o melhor efeito ovicida, registrando-se 97.5 e 100% do EHI a 0.25 mg/mL, respectivamente. O EtOAc-E e AvR9 apresentaram CE50= 0,12 e 0,08 mg/mL, respectivamente. A análise por HPLC nas frações EtOAc-E e bioativas indicou a presença de um polifenol, flavanonas glicosiladas, glicosídeo de quercetina, cinamatos, cumarina, derivado de ácido cinâmico, ácido ferúlico, cumarato, naringenina, ácido protocatecuico e naringina. Os resultados demonstraram que extrato e frações de A. vaginatum são capazes de inibir o processo de eclosão dos ovos de H. contortus, podendo ser uma opção viável para o controle da hemoncose em pequenos ruminantes.

Abstract Pinus hartwegii forests are susceptible to the attack of forest pests, so sanitation interventions in the stands of this species must be analyzed. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of sanitation cuts on the radial growth of residual trees, in monospecific stands of P. hartwegii of the Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Nevado de Toluca. Ten measuring sites of remnant trees and stumps were established in stands operated during 2016 (1000 m2) in the West and East slopes of the volcano. The period 2013-2015 was considered as prior to sanitation, and 2016-2018 as after sanitation. The distribution pattern, horizontal and vertical structure were analyzed. Two density indices and two proficiency indices were calculated. Wood cores were collected in all individuals and the widths of the growth rings were measured by dendrochronological techniques. Growth was standardized by series of basal area increment (IAB). The growth of the remaining trees located on the periphery of the stumps was significantly different between the exposures. The BAI increased 37.3% after sanitation in the West exposure, while in the East exposure the BAI increased 61.6%. The remaining trees located between 2.5 and 5 m with respect to the stump had higher BAI in both exposures. Pinus hartwegii forests respond positively to sanitation cuts with a statistically significant increase in IAB.

Resumen Los bosques de Pinus hartwegii son susceptibles al ataque de plagas forestales, por ello las intervenciones de saneamiento en los rodales de esta especie deben ser analizadas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los efectos de las cortas de saneamiento sobre el crecimiento radial del arbolado residual, en rodales de P. hartwegii del Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Nevado de Toluca. Se establecieron diez sitios de medición de árboles remanentes y tocones en rodales intervenidos durante 2016 (1000 m2) en las exposiciones Oeste y Este del volcán. Se consideró el período de los años 2013-2015 como previo al saneamiento, y 2016-2018 como posterior al saneamiento. Se analizaron el patrón de distribución y la estructura horizontal y vertical. Se calcularon dos índices de densidad y dos índices de competencia. Se colectaron núcleos de madera en todos los individuos y se midieron las anchuras de los anillos de crecimiento mediante técnicas dendrocronológicas. Se estandarizó el crecimiento mediante series de incremento en área basal (IAB) . El crecimiento de los árboles remanentes ubicados en la periferia de los tocones fue significativamente diferente entre las exposiciones. El IAB aumentó 37.3% después del saneamiento en la exposición Oeste, mientras que en la exposición Este el IAB aumentó 61.6%. Los árboles remanentes ubicados entre los 2.5 m y 5 m con respecto al tocón tuvieron mayores IAB en ambas exposiciones. Los bosques de Pinus hartwegii responden de manera favorable a las cortas de saneamiento con un aumento estadísticamente significativo en el IAB.

Abstract We investigated the floristic composition, structure and conservation status of plant species in Mauritia flexuosa palm swamps of the Peruvian Amazonia. The study was carried out in 4 sites at the localities of Tingana and Posic. In each site, 25 plots of 20 × 20 m were established and all individuals ≥ 1 cm diameter at breast height were recorded. In total, 5,795 individuals and 112 species were registered. Rubiaceae was the family with the largest number of species and Arecaceae with the largest number of individuals. The most ecologically important species was M. flexuosa in all 4 sites. Abundance was significantly different among sites but not the richness, which was generally low due to the presence of hyperdominant species. Canopy and understory species showed differences in richness and abundance among 4 sites. Mantel test showed relationship between floristic similarity and geographic distances. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling and analysis of similarities revealed 3 floristic groups. Our sites comprise 8 endemic species, 13 protected species (IUCN), and 2 CITES species. These swamps should be conserved or sustainably managed to avoid being affected by the increasing land-use change and the selective extraction of species in the region.

Resumen Investigamos la composición florística, estructura y estado de conservación de especies de plantas en los pantanos de palmeras de Mauritia flexuosa de la Amazonía peruana. El estudio se realizó en 4 sitios en las localidades de Tingana y Posic. En cada sitio, se establecieron 25 parcelas de 20 × 20 m y se registraron todos los individuos ≥ 1 cm de diámetro a la altura del pecho. Se registraron 5,795 individuos y 112 especies. Rubiaceae fue la familia con más especies y Arecaceae con más individuos. La especie ecológicamente más importante fue M. flexuosa. La abundancia fue significativamente diferente entre sitios, pero no la riqueza, que en general fue baja debido a la presencia de especies hiperdominantes. Las especies del dosel y el sotobosque mostraron diferencias en riqueza y abundancia entre sitios. La prueba de Mantel mostró relación entre similitud florística y distancias geográficas. El escalado multidimensional y el análisis de similitud revelaron 3 grupos florísticos. Nuestros sitios comprenden 8 especies endémicas, 13 especies protegidas (UICN) y 2 especies CITES. Estos pantanos deben conservarse o gestionarse de manera sostenible para evitar verse afectados por el cambio del uso del suelo y la extracción selectiva de especies en la región.